Psychische Belastungen bei Endometriose


Eine Vielzahl von Studien belegt, dass Endometriose nicht nur körperliche Symptome mit sich bringt, sondern auch eine erhebliche psychische Belastung für Betroffene darstellt. So ist häufig die Lebensqualität der Betroffenen reduziert und ihr Stresslevel erhöht [3, 4, 9, 10, 17]. Wichtig ist, dass Endometriose keine psychosomatische Erkrankung ist und nicht von psychischen Problemen ausgelöst wird. Sondern es bedeutet, dass Betroffene mit mehr Belastungen im Alltag umgehen müssen als gesunde Frauen. Diese Belastungen sind nicht eingebildet, sondern sehr real und betreffen viele Aspekte des Lebens. Und sie können leider manche psychischen Erkrankungen begünstigen, sodass diese häufiger auftreten als bei gesunden Frauen. Umso wichtiger ist es für das Gesundheitssystem, sich bewusst um diese Belastungen zu kümmern.

Eine erste Belastung stellt die oft lange Zeit der Unsicherheit bis zur Diagnosestellung dar.  Die durchschnittliche Zeit von Beginn der Symptome bis zur Diagnosestellung variiert in Studien zwischen 5 bis 9 Jahre [3]. Längere Wartezeiten bis zur Diagnose gehen dabei mit einer reduzierten Lebensqualität einher.

Zusätzlich spielen verschiedene Einflussfaktoren eine Rolle. Insbesondere durch häufige Schmerzen ist die Lebensqualität von Frauen mit Endometriose eingeschränkt [3,4]. Neben den Schmerzen bringt Endometriose andere Symptome mit sich, die den Alltag erschweren. So leiden 50-70% der Frauen mit Endometriose unter einer Fatigue – also einer starken und einschränkenden Müdigkeit. Ungefähr die Hälfte der Betroffenen berichtet zudem von Schlafstörungen [8]. Schlafstörungen wiederum können die Lebensqualität und das Energielevel vermindern.

Endometriose-Symptome wie Bauchschmerzen und Schmerzen beim Geschlechtsverkehr können die Sexualität der Betroffenen erheblich beeinträchtigen. So wurde in Studien tatsächlich eine verringerte Häufigkeit von sexueller Aktivität gefunden. Je ausgeprägter die Schmerzen, desto geringer ist die sexuelle Zufriedenheit [18,21]. Die Probleme bei der Sexualität wiederum können die Lebensqualität verringern und sich negativ auf die Partnerschaft auswirken [5,13]. In einer Studie mit 931 Frauen gaben dann auch 50% von ihnen an, dass die Endometriose ihre Beziehung beeinflusst [4]. Dabei spielen Schmerzen beim Geschlechtsverkehr ebenso eine Rolle [7] wie ein reduziertes Interesse an Sexualität, Blutungen beim Geschlechtsverkehr, ungewollte Kinderlosigkeit, Stimmungsschwankungen und Fatigue [5]. Nicht nur betroffene Frauen selbst, sondern auch ihre Partner fühlen sich durch die Erkrankung beeinflusst [13].



Die Erkrankung kann allgemein zu Problemen im sozialen Umfeld führen [5, 15]. Zwischen 19 und 48% der Betroffenen fühlen sich in ihrem Sozialleben und bei sozialen Aktivitäten eingeschränkt [3,8]. Darüber hinaus nehmen Betroffene eine Stigmatisierung der Erkrankung wahr, und scheuen deshalb davor zurück in ihrem Umfeld über ihre Erkrankung zu sprechen [16].

Ebenso können das Selbstbewusstsein und das Körperbild bei Endometriose-Betroffenen beeinträchtigt sein [6,11]. Allerdings ist zu diesem Thema ist noch wenig Forschung vorhanden.

Zuletzt können Leistungsfähigkeit und Berufsleben beeinträchtigt sein. In einer Studie gab ungefähr die Hälfte der Befragten gab an, dass die Endometriose ihr Berufsleben beeinflusst habe [4]. In einer anderen Studie mit 810 Endometriose-Betroffenen berichteten diese von einer verringerten Produktivität [19]. Sie verloren im Durchschnitt wöchentlich 1,1 Stunden aufgrund von Fehlzeiten auf der Arbeit und 5,3 Stunden aufgrund einer verringerten Leistungsfähigkeit im Beruf. Im Privaten fielen sie im Durchschnitt 2,5 Stunden bei der Hausarbeit aus, und verloren 2,3 Stunden aufgrund einer verringerten Leistungsfähigkeit. In einer anderen Studie verloren sie 10,8 Wochenstunden produktive Zeit aus gesundheitlichen Gründen, signifikant mehr Zeit als gesunde Frauen. Je ausgeprägter die Endometriose und ihre Symptome waren, desto verringerter war die Produktivität [12]. Dadurch kann Endometriose auch eine erhebliche finanzielle Belastung darstellen.



Bei diesen vielfältigen Belastungen, die Endometriose mit sich bringen kann, wundert es nicht, dass sie mit einem erhöhten Risiko für psychische Erkrankungen wie Depressionen und Angsterkrankungen einhergeht. Obwohl dieser Zusammenhang gut belegt ist, ist die tatsächliche Häufigkeit von psychischen Symptomen bei Endometriose-Betroffenen noch unklar. Die vorhandenen Studien ergeben kein einheitliches Bild [1, 2, 17].

Grundsätzlich scheinen die Schmerzen dabei eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. So fand eine Studie, dass Frauen ohne chronische Unterbauchschmerzen zu 38% von Depressionen betroffen waren, bei denjenigen mit chronischen Unterbauchschmerzen waren es dagegen 86% [9]. In Einklang damit wiesen in einer anderen Studie von 104 befragten Frauen mit Endometriose 86,5% unterschiedlich starke depressive Symptome auf und 87,5% unterschiedlich ausgeprägte Ängste. Die Schmerzstärke korrelierte mit den Angstsymptomen, dagegen wurde kein Zusammenhang zwischen Endometriose-Stadium und psychischer Gesundheit gefunden [17].



Die Schmerzstärke scheint also ein ausschlaggebender Faktor zu sein. Dies passt zu den Ergebnissen einer Befragung von 57 Endometriose-Patientinnen, bei der erneut chronische Unterbauchschmerzen mit einer verringerten Lebensqualität und vermehrten psychischen Problemen verbunden waren und die Endometriose über die Schmerzen hinaus keinen zusätzlichen Einfluss mehr auf die Lebensqualität hatte [20]. Bei einem Vergleich von Frauen mit chronischen Schmerzen aufgrund von Endometriose mit Frauen, die aufgrund anderer Erkrankungen unter chronischen Bauchschmerzen litten, konnten keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich depressiver Symptome und emotionalem Stress gefunden werden [14].

Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass Frauen mit Endometriose und einhergehenden Schmerzen von mehr Ängsten und depressiven Symptomen berichten als gesunde Frauen und Frauen ohne Schmerzen.

Weitere Forschung in diesem Bereich ist notwendig, dennoch weisen die bisherigen Studien bereits auf einen Teufelskreis hin, indem sich psychologische Probleme, Alltagsbelastungen und Schmerzen bei Endometriose-Patientinnen gegenseitig verstärken [5,9,17]. Endometriose als Erkrankung bringt viele Belastungen mit sich, die psychologische Beschwerden verursachen können. Psychologische Beschwerden verursachen nicht die Endometriose, können aber als Teufelskreis bereits vorhandene Schmerzen und Probleme wie z.B. Partnerkonflikte verstärken.

Zusammenfassend kann Endometriose alle Aspekte des Lebens von Betroffenen beeinflussen: Arbeit, Freizeit, Sexualität und Partnerschaft, soziale Beziehungen, das Selbstbewusstsein und die psychische Gesundheit. Insbesondere die Schmerzen scheinen in einem Teufelskreis soziale und psychische Belastungen zu verstärken. Daher ist eine multidisziplinäre Behandlung wesentlich, die nicht nur die medizinischen Aspekte beachtet, sondern Betroffene umfassend unterstützt. Dazu gehören u.a. Bewegungstherapie, Ernährungsberatung, Physiotherapie, psychologische Therapien, Meditation und Entspannung. Dennoch ist weitere Forschung in diesem Bereich nötig, um Betroffenen zukünftig die bestmögliche Behandlung zu ermöglichen.

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